tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-198455282024-03-13T11:11:04.038-04:00Civil War LibrarianCovers new and classic American Civil War books and media.Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.comBlogger1388125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-70750752564110529522021-11-05T10:53:00.005-04:002021-11-05T10:53:53.201-04:00Author Interview: Meade The Price of Command by John G. Shelby<p><b><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtzfu5NiyqKmfj9Rn3crJXYptBC_9kR3rwl1w0EVpHMa8Y3bgIxZ6AVQO0O_l0coAaNyi5LCJb2vjNrnw1Cy3nqv3VsBkzjuG3r5AcVWO8hU87rswc-eSSNZ8kvWZWmWSBXEHj/s499/Meade+Book.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="499" data-original-width="329" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtzfu5NiyqKmfj9Rn3crJXYptBC_9kR3rwl1w0EVpHMa8Y3bgIxZ6AVQO0O_l0coAaNyi5LCJb2vjNrnw1Cy3nqv3VsBkzjuG3r5AcVWO8hU87rswc-eSSNZ8kvWZWmWSBXEHj/s320/Meade+Book.jpg" width="211" /></a></b> Meade: The Price of Command, 1863–1865, John G. Shelby, Kent State University Press, [2018] Interview Conducted by H-Net, Niels Eichorn<br /></b></p><p><b>NE:</b> John, to start, how did you become interested in writing a biographical account of George Gordon Meade that focused on his time as commander of the Army of the Potomac? </p><p><b>JGS:</b> It began with a questioning of much of the literature I had read over the years on fighting in the East. A central premise seemed to be that the commanders of the Army of the Potomac could never have defeated Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia without the firm and relentless leadership of Ulysses S. Grant. I felt that did a disservice to the foot soldiers and the officers of the Army of the Potomac. As I dug deeper, I found that the themes of the criticism of the leadership of the Army of the Potomac remained fairly constant from McClellan to Meade. But didn’t Meade win the Battle of Gettysburg? Push Lee’s army back from northern Virginia to Richmond-Petersburg? And defeat Lee’s army in 1865?
Given that Meade was the longest serving commander of the Army of the Potomac, and had a record of success, he seemed to be the ideal lenses through which I could call into question some of the long-standing views and criticisms of command leadership in the Army of the Potomac.
<b></b></p><p><b>NE:</b> What do you argue in your book? </p><p> <b>JGS:</b> Meade needs to be given his due as one of the top three Union commanders of the war. Not only did he perform well as a division and corps commander, but as the longest-serving commander of the largest army of the war, he won the largest battle of the war, and through two years of horrendous fighting finally forced the Army of Northern Virginia to surrender in 1865. Furthermore, my ranking of Meade is not novel or an academic exercise in the 21st century; it was Grant himself who recommended Sherman and Meade for the rank of major general in the regular army in 1864 because they were the “fittest officers for large commands.” Though Grant never pursued this recommendation with the vigor he gave to Sherman’s promotion, he never wavered from it either.
<b>NE: </b>Before we get into the book, one aspect that caught my eye was sources. You did a critical rereading of available source material, how did you approach compilations like the O.R. and archival material? Also, it seems there were days with dozens of messages, how do you make sense of a battle day with so much correspondence?
JGS: Not only days with dozens of messages, but one must make very detailed timelines of when messages were sent, and to whom, to understand why a decision say at 1:00 pm might be based on information received that morning, but already rendered problematic by another message sent by a general at 12:45 pm that had yet to reach headquarters. That said, I strongly argue that historians must carefully read and time the messages to get a minute sense of the ebb and flow of the battle and the decision making. Also, I would be the first to say that I wish we had some way of knowing all that was said, as opposed to what was strictly written down. We must rely on the letters, diaries, and memoirs of individuals for those bits of information, which by their very nature are fragmentary and shaped to convey a certain narrative. For example, how often did Meade and his chief of staff at Gettysburg, Daniel Butterfield, discuss information that was flowing in from all directions on the days of the battle? Critical information was noted and sent out, but the decisions affecting that information, which sometimes might have been in shorthand conversations, was not recorded. So, as the old saying goes, we don’t know what we don’t know.
Still, you have to work with the information that is available. Not only were the rich records of the OR (and other collections) indispensable to my research, but the signal fact that Mrs. Margaretta (“Margaret”) Meade saved all (or at least we think all) of her husband’s wartime letters, is a godsend to historians. Meade wrote to his wife nearly every day in the war, and if a historian can read the unedited letters found in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, an unvarnished view of a complicated man emerges. What we do not have are her daily letters to him, which would have opened up brand new insights into their lives. Just by reading Meade’s responses to his wife’s questions you can tell that she is a shrewd observer of people and politics.
<b><br /></b></p><p><b>NE:</b> Meade is a very different commander from his predecessors at the Army of the Potomac, what do you see as his most important characteristics that allowed him to stay in command longer than anybody else commanding the Army of the Potomac?
<b> </b></p><p><b>JSG:</b> Meade was a team player. He got along with most of his fellow generals in the Army of the Potomac, and his competency and executive abilities were noted by his superiors and peers. Furthermore, though he enjoyed hearing Army gossip as much as the next officer, he was not constantly politicking, nor publicly proclaiming his views on the war. Some of his predecessors did both. In fact, one of his pluses, according to Lincoln and Stanton, was that he was largely apolitical (which I argue was simultaneously one of his great weaknesses). As commander of the Army of the Potomac he got dragged into politics several times, but when that happened, he was quickly admonished by Halleck, and then he retreated back to his apolitical shell.
Meade was an Army man, through and through. By that I mean he believed in the chain of command, and acted within it. He never challenged his superiors in a public manner, nor did he work political channels behinds their back. He also gave great loyalty to the generals who served under him, especially those he had promoted. His executive skills were widely acknowledged, and no one would ever accuse him of lack of preparation and planning. By and large he was not a risk taker, which pleased some, and disappointed others.
He also had considerable “people skills” and a good sense of survival. Who else would have been able to swallow his ego enough to work side-by-side with his boss for 13 months during some of the most horrific months of the war, never losing command of his army though many in Grant’s circle wanted him gone? Even though he was unhappy during most of those months, feeling stifled and unappreciated, he knew that the alternative—exile to a non-command in his home state—would be an even worse fate. So he kept his mouth shut (except in letters to his wife and friends), and did his job.
<b></b></p><p><b>The Interview continues at</b> <a href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/4113/discussions/8882798/author-interview-john-g-selby-meade-part-1">H-Net</a></p>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-19247546404632763142021-08-06T10:02:00.004-04:002021-11-05T11:00:11.665-04:00Confederate Medicine: Interview with Guy S. Hasegawa, by Nils Eichorn, H-Net<div class="separator"><p style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><i><b><a href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/4113/discussions/8020897/author-interview-guy-r-hasegawa-matchless-organization-part-1"> </a></b></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrKG3Aq5A0P41sq1ZgqvwYGEWwXcLaIVKvH7J_xKrV4yQF5AbUzhgw8EXaOW6O6nCdf5iD2CZHPRJk_WOpFnT6JHfGL9ZnqRBjIZI9oA-QR8-DobWw1Lj61QX7zs_To-tVCAy6/s293/Matchless+Organization.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="196" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrKG3Aq5A0P41sq1ZgqvwYGEWwXcLaIVKvH7J_xKrV4yQF5AbUzhgw8EXaOW6O6nCdf5iD2CZHPRJk_WOpFnT6JHfGL9ZnqRBjIZI9oA-QR8-DobWw1Lj61QX7zs_To-tVCAy6/s0/Matchless+Organization.jpg" width="196" /></a></div><br /><p></p></div><p><b> H-Net: Interview Text {Part One}</b><br /></p><p><b>NE: Guy, to start our conversation, you have already written a few books
on Civil War era medical topics, how did you decide to do this one on
the Confederate Army Medical Department?</b></p><p><i><b>GRH: </b>Although I’m
interested in many aspects of Civil War medicine, I had become
especially intrigued by the Confederate Army Medical Department and how
it managed to keep itself going throughout the war. The central figure
in that organization was Surgeon General Samuel Preston Moore, but there
is little written about him other than mentions of his stern character
and organizational skill. Since Moore apparently left no diary or cache
of personal papers, my initial hope—primarily to satisfy my personal
curiosity—was to learn more about him by studying the operations of his
office in Richmond. I found some information about office personnel, but
it said little about how or why things were done. I then concluded that
the best course was to study the decisions emanating from the Surgeon
General’s Office.</i></p><p><i>The decisions themselves, and the
records pertaining to them, are difficult to appreciate without context.
How, for example, can communications about hospitals be understood
without knowing those facilities’ role and the influences upon them? As I
educated myself about various aspects of the department’s operations, I
came to realize that the information and insights I was accumulating
might be useful to others. The potential audience would include readers
looking not only into Confederate medicine but also into other aspects
of the Southern war effort. After all, an army’s effectiveness is
strongly linked to its health, and the Medical Department did not exist
in a vacuum. It interacted with the Quartermaster and Subsistence
Departments, for example, and had to deal with the interests of
politicians and military commanders. </i></p><p><i>Part of deciding to
write a book is examining what has already been published. The only
book-length work of relevance is H. H. Cunningham’s </i>Doctors in Gray<i>,
first published in 1958. Cunningham’s work is excellent but
wide-ranging, extending from government offices in Richmond to the
ailments of soldiers in the field. It would not overlap much with what I
had in mind, which was focused on departmental operations. </i>Doctors in Gray<i>
is based on Cunningham’s Ph.D. dissertation, whose source material is
nicely documented. The book itself, though, does not link statements
with specific reference sources and is thus of limited helpfulness to
researchers. Although Cunningham assembled an impressive bibliography,
he omitted many sources that I had found to be vital.</i></p><p><i>As a longtime researcher of Confederate medicine, I saw a place for </i>Matchless Organization. <i>It goes beyond </i>Doctors in Gray<i>
in detail, describes how the Medical Department reacted to
circumstances and interacted with other divisions of the War Department,
and serves as a solid reference source and foundation for further
research.</i></p><p><b>NE: What is your argument in <i>Matchless Organization</i>?</b></p><p><i><b>GRH:</b>
Let me first say that, in general terms, my research mission was to
learn how the Medical Department functioned rather than to prove a point
or answer a specific question. Confederate archival material is far
from complete, and my experience had taught me to go where the
information led me. What emerged was a view of the Medical Department
that can be expressed in the following argument:</i></p><p><i>The
Confederate Medical Department, under the leadership of Surgeon General
Moore, did a creditable job of providing medical care in spite of
substantial challenges. Those challenges included personnel and materiel
shortages, worsening conditions in the South, interference from various
parties, a physician workforce primarily composed of men without
previous military service, and an overall lack of experience in
conflicts as large and intense as the American Civil War.</i></p><p><i>I
believe that the department’s accomplishments can be accounted for by
its robust organization and its ability to adjust to the changing
conditions.</i></p><p><b>NE: I want to get back to the resilience and
accomplishments in a moment, but first I want to chat a little about
your sources. When reading, you very quickly run into a passage where
you make a mention about a lack of sources and records. How difficult
was it to find source and thus tell this story?</b></p><p><i><b>GRH: </b>Well,
first, the research was done and the manuscript submitted before the
COVID-19 pandemic struck, so that wasn’t an issue.</i></p><p><i>Many
records of the Surgeon General’s Office were destroyed in the Richmond
fire of April 1865. Thus, there are no complete sets of incoming or
outgoing correspondence, circulars, or orders. Also missing, I imagine,
are some reports that Surgeon General Moore wrote to the president or
secretary of war that might have gone a long way toward clarifying
various matters. Moore was especially sorry about the loss of compiled
statistics about illness, wounds, survival rates, and so forth. There
were, however, medical facilities in Richmond that didn’t burn, and
medical officers throughout the South usually kept their own copies of
official correspondence. Much of this material now resides at the
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) facility in
Washington, DC.</i></p><p><i>There was plenty of archival material to
examine, but some of it was scattered in unfamiliar or unexpected files.
A big problem was that the records’ spottiness made them difficult to
interpret. That meant doing more background reading and consulting
multiple sources when a single, but nonexistent, explanatory report
might have clarified things upfront. My investigations often ended in
blind alleys and left questions unanswered.</i></p><p><i>I was, luckily, able to retrieve tons of information without leaving my computer. The army</i> Official Records and the Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion <i>are
available online or on DVD. The subscription service Fold3 has
Confederate compiled service records, some correspondence of the
Adjutant and Inspector General’s Office (AIGO), the Confederate citizens
file, and Confederate amnesty applications. The online NARA catalog
allows access to various AIGO records, including special orders. Old
newspapers can be examined via subscription services and though a free
Library of Congress site. Numerous books and articles that touch on
Confederate medicine are available online. First-hand accounts were
generally the most useful, but more recent works with complete
bibliographies often provided leads that warranted follow-up. A couple
of caveats about online sources: First, searching in printed material
can be frustrating because poor print quality, which is common in old
newspapers, can make optical character recognition inaccurate or
impossible. Second, the indexing of handwritten documents, when it
occurs, depends on staffers or volunteers reading names, which is
sometimes done incorrectly.</i></p><p><i>Much NARA material is not
online and must be examined in person. This involves knowing (or
guessing) where to look and then scrolling through microfilm or
requesting, waiting for, and finally leafing through paper records. The
process is tiring but gratifying when it yields a gem. Archival
repositories other than NARA were usually quite accommodating in sending
copies of requested materials.</i></p><p><i>It’s hard to say whether the research was more difficult for </i>Matchless Organization <i>than
for my previous projects. It certainly took more time because of the
range of topics covered and the need for additional background reading
and sleuthing. However, my general strategy of looking in many places
and following leads was the same. In some ways, researching </i>Matchless Organization <i>may
actually have been easier. First, I’ve been looking into Confederate
medicine on and off for more than 20 years, so I already had some source
material that ended up in the book. Second, that long involvement has
given me insights into the topic, so I was a bit better at interpreting
what I was finding and deciding how to follow up. Third, I’ve gained
some efficiencies over the years as a researcher, especially with NARA’s
Confederate collection. Fourth, it’s easier nowadays to access
published and archival materials online. None of this is to say that the
research was a piece of cake, because it wasn’t. Frankly, if the
research were easy, someone else probably would already have done it.
For me, the challenge of research is what makes it rewarding.</i></p><p><b>NE: I
also wondered about medicine and medical education at the time. How did
you become an M.D. and then a surgeon in the military? Were these
well-educated and qualified individuals?</b></p><p><i><b>GRH:</b> At the time of
the Civil War, there was essentially no regulation of medical practice.
Educational requirements for becoming a physician, licensure, and
accreditation of medical schools did not exist, so anyone could claim to
have medical expertise and treat any patients willing to take their
chances with that practitioner. Most new physicians had probably served
an apprenticeship under a seasoned physician.</i></p><p><i>Medical
schools offered a single course of lectures per year. A course—we’d
probably call it a semester now—typically lasted several months and
consisted of lectures in several subjects, such as anatomy, surgery, and
pharmacy. Admission often required no more than the ability to pay
lecture fees. To receive an M.D. degree, a student had to attend two
courses of lectures, which did not have to be at the same school or in
consecutive years. If both courses were at the same school, then the
first and second courses were likely to be identical. Schools varied in
the amount of dissection or laboratory work and in the time devoted to
examining patients. There might be an exam to pass and a thesis to
write, but almost anyone with adequate funds who wanted an M.D. degree
could find a school to award it.</i></p><p><i>Many practitioners who
attended medical school took only a single course and never received a
degree, and many evidently did not consider medicine to be an
all-consuming career. It’s common to encounter physicians, with or
without a degree, who had other occupations or entered the army as
common soldiers. To be fair, some physicians devoted themselves to
medicine and went well beyond the minimum in attaining knowledge by, for
instance, traveling to Europe for additional training. Articles in the </i>Confederate States Medical and Surgical Journal <i>and
other periodicals by active or former Confederate surgeons reveal those
men to have been intellectual, keenly observant, and much more
well-informed than would be expected from completing just the typical
medical-school curriculum.</i></p><p><i>Early in the war, many
physicians were elected as surgeons by their regiment or appointed by
their governor. They then entered Confederate service as medical
officers when their state units were absorbed into the Confederate Army.
After it became clear that many such men were unqualified, they—and all
men applying to become medical officers—became subject to examination
by a medical board. Surgeons who failed the exam were asked to resign,
and those who did not were dropped from the ranks. The exams were
modeled after the fairly rigorous ones used by the U.S. Army but were
probably made easier to pass so as to fill open positions. It appears
that new applicants were required to have an M.D. degree from a
respectable school during the latter part of the war, but that
prerequisite may not have existed earlier. In any event, the exams were
credited with weeding out many incompetent surgeons and keeping
unqualified applicants from entering the medical corps.</i></p><p><i>The
physicians most competent to treat the Confederate sick and wounded
were probably those who had resigned from the U.S. Army, but there were
only about 25 of those among the thousands of men who served as
Confederate surgeons. Other very able physicians might include those who
had accumulated education and experience through years of practice. I
don’t think that age limitations were enforced rigidly by medical
boards, but many seasoned practitioners would probably have been judged
to be physically unsuited for the rigors of army life, although they
could serve as civilian contract surgeons. Physicians who had practiced
medicine for the past five years were exempt from conscription and felt
no need to join the medical corps to avoid being drafted as soldiers.</i></p><p><i>Thus,
most Civil War surgeons were fairly young and had been in civilian
practice or recently attended medical school. They had probably never
treated a gunshot wound, amputated a limb, or advised a commander (who
himself had recently been a civilian) about proper camp sanitation. One
young man reported passing the medical board examination and being
appointed assistant surgeon without ever having treated a sick person or
even lanced a boil.</i></p><p><i>Many soldiers were frightened at the
prospect of being treated by a Civil War surgeon, especially a young
one with whom they were unacquainted. However, given the state of
medical knowledge and education at the time, the need to provide care to
a huge army, and the available pool of civilian physicians, the
Confederate Medical Department probably did as well as could be expected
in selecting its medical officers.</i></p><p><i><b>To Be Continued in Part Two</b><br /></i></p><p><i><b>Text Source: <a href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/4113/discussions/8020897/author-interview-guy-r-hasegawa-matchless-organization-part-1" target="_blank">H</a><a href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/4113/discussions/8020897/author-interview-guy-r-hasegawa-matchless-organization-part-1">-Net</a></b></i></p><p><i><b> </b></i></p><p><i><b><a href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/4113/discussions/8020897/author-interview-guy-r-hasegawa-matchless-organization-part-1"> </a></b></i><i> </i></p>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-16710836839083941562021-08-06T09:43:00.003-04:002021-08-06T09:46:13.311-04:00New and Noteworthy: The Matchless Organization The Confederate Army Medical Department<div class="separator"><p style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Matchless Organization" height="480" src="http://www.siupress.com/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/book_covers/9780809338290_0.jpg?itok=mKb2-6qU" title="Matchless Organization" width="320" /><br /> </p></div><p><span style="font-size: large;">Matchless Organization: The Confederate Army Medical Department, Guy R. Hasegawa, Southern Illinois University Press, paperback, $26.50 2021</span></p><p><b>The essental reference about a surprisingly well organized medical department </b><br /> <br />
<span style="font-size: medium;">Despite the many obstacles it had to overcome—including a naval
blockade, lack of a strong industrial base, and personnel unaccustomed
to military life—the Richmond-based Confederate Army Medical Department
developed into a robust organization that nimbly adapted to changing
circumstances. In the first book to address the topic, Guy R. Hasegawa
describes the organization and management of the Confederate army’s
medical department. At its head was Surgeon General Samuel Preston
Moore, a talented multi-tasker with the organizational know-how to put in
place qualified medical personnel to care for sick and wounded
Confederate soldiers.<br /> <br /> Hasegawa investigates how political
considerations, personalities, and, as the war progressed, the
diminishing availability of human and material resources influenced
decision-making in the medical department. Amazingly, the surgeon
general’s office managed not only to provide care but also to offer
educational opportunities to its personnel and collect medical and
surgical data for future use, regardless of constant and growing
difficulties.<br /> <br /> During and after the war, the medical department
of the Confederate army was consistently praised as being admirably
organized and efficient. Although the department was unable to match its
Union counterpart in manpower and supplies, Moore’s intelligent
management enabled it to help maintain the fighting strength of the
Confederate army.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><b>Guy R. Hasegawa</b>, a retired pharmacist and editor, is the author of <i>Villainous Compounds: Chemical Weapons and the American Civil War</i> and <i>Mending Broken Soldiers: The Union and Confederate Programs to Supply Artificial Limbs</i>.</p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-weight: normal !important;"></span>
</span></p><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"> Table of Contents:</span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 355.051px; transform: scaleX(1.01688);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 378.378px; transform: scaleX(1.0172);">1. Medical Department for a New Nation </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 378.378px; transform: scaleX(1.0172);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 401.706px; transform: scaleX(1.00509);">2. The Surgeon General and His Office </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 401.706px; transform: scaleX(1.00509);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 425.033px; transform: scaleX(0.9999);">3. Medical Director</span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 425.033px; transform: scaleX(0.9999);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 448.361px; transform: scaleX(0.995359);">4. Medical Inspectors</span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 448.361px; transform: scaleX(0.995359);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 471.688px; transform: scaleX(0.994099);">5. Medical Purveyors</span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 471.688px; transform: scaleX(0.994099);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 495.016px; transform: scaleX(1.00542);">6. Importation of Medical Supplies </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 495.016px; transform: scaleX(1.00542);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 518.343px; transform: scaleX(0.997653);">7. Turning to Domestic Resources </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 518.343px; transform: scaleX(0.997653);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 541.671px; transform: scaleX(1.01269);">8. Care on and near the Battlefield </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 541.671px; transform: scaleX(1.01269);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 564.998px; transform: scaleX(0.995179);">9. General Hospitals </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 564.998px; transform: scaleX(0.995179);">1</span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 588.326px; transform: scaleX(0.994221);">0. Prison Hospitals </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 588.326px; transform: scaleX(0.994221);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 611.653px; transform: scaleX(0.997844);">11. Striving for Quality in Medical Personnel </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 611.653px; transform: scaleX(0.997844);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 634.981px; transform: scaleX(0.989852);">12. Adding to Medical Knowledge </span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 658.308px; transform: scaleX(0.983723);"></span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 658.308px; transform: scaleX(0.983723);">13. Examining for Disability </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 658.308px; transform: scaleX(0.983723);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 681.636px; transform: scaleX(0.974898);">14. War’s End and Beyond </span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 704.963px; transform: scaleX(0.974261);"></span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 704.963px; transform: scaleX(0.974261);">Conclusion </span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 751.636px; transform: scaleX(1.00625);"></span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 751.636px; transform: scaleX(1.00625);">Appendixes</span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 774.963px; transform: scaleX(1.01656);"> </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 774.963px; transform: scaleX(1.01656);">A. Selected Individuals in or Influencing the Confederate Medical </span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 133.328px; top: 798.291px; transform: scaleX(1.00709);">Department</span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 133.328px; top: 798.291px; transform: scaleX(1.00709);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 821.618px; transform: scaleX(0.994246);">B. Staff of the Surgeon General’s Office, November 1864 </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 821.618px; transform: scaleX(0.994246);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 844.946px; transform: scaleX(1.01001);">C. Surgeon General Moore’s Proposal for a Medical Evacuation </span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 133.328px; top: 868.273px; transform: scaleX(0.961971);">System </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 133.328px; top: 868.273px; transform: scaleX(0.961971);">Bibliographic </span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 891.601px; transform: scaleX(0.965001);">Notes </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 891.601px; transform: scaleX(0.965001);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 914.928px; transform: scaleX(0.967179);">Bibliography</span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 914.928px; transform: scaleX(0.967179);"></span><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 938.256px; transform: scaleX(0.998748);">Index </span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: serif; left: 110px; top: 938.256px; transform: scaleX(0.998748);">Text Source: <a href="http://www.siupress.com/books/978-0-8093-3829-0">Southern Illinois University Press</a> <br /></span></span></h3><h3><span style="font-family: serif; font-size: 17.5px; left: 110px; top: 938.256px; transform: scaleX(0.998748);"> </span></h3>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-5309219061592175872021-07-12T13:04:00.008-04:002021-07-12T13:21:15.187-04:00New & Noteworthy: Campaign Fort The Confederate Coast: Blaocking, Blockade Running and Related Endeavors During the American Civil War, Gil Hahn<p> </p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 200px; text-align: left;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Fax",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><img class="image-stretch-vertical" height="398" id="igImage" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/71X0e1k+SfS.jpg" style="max-height: 1500px; max-width: 1000px;" width="266" /> </span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Fax",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Campaign
for the Confederate Coast: Blockading, Blockade Running and Related Endeavors
During the American Civil War</span></i><span style="font-family: "Lucida Fax",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">, Gil Hahn, 2021.$21.95, 322 pp., illustrations, index, bibliographic notes, </span><span style="font-family: "Lucida Fax",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><span class="a-list-item"><span>West 88th Street Press</span></span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Fax",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Hahn offers a through but concise discussion of the aims,
means available to the Confederacy as it seeks to maintain its economic trade
with Europe and the aims and means available to the Union to restrict and
minimize that economic intercourse. He well establishes the social and economic
circumstances involved along with the evolution of the sea tactics and the
emerging technologies of blockade and blockade running which include naval rams
and seacoast fortresses. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Fax",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Also, Hahn reviews the variety of ‘laws of the sea’ along
with the rights of belligerents. His chapters on the commerce suppression
campaigns of 1861 through 1863 and the successful adaptions made by the
Federals during 1864 and 1865. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Fax",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Benefiting readers, Hahn offers 13 chronological charts
composed of the attempts, the seasonal successes and the losses of
block-runners for the Confederate ports of Wilmington, Charleston, Savannah,
St. Marks, Mobile, New Orleans, and Galveston. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Fax",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Additionally, for 1859-1865 Hahn presents charts for the production,
the consumption, and the exports and the imports of 500 pound bales of cotton. These charts show related trends and blockade successes. Importantly the charts include U.S. imports of cotton from the U.K and from the British West
Indies and causes Civil War Librarian to wonder: Did the U.S. import cotton which had previously run the naval blockade? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Fax",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Campaign
for the Confederate Coast: Blockading, Blockade Running and Related Endeavors
During the American Civil War</span></i><span style="font-family: "Lucida Fax",serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> clearly and cogently
describes, from both Southern and Northern points of view, the dozens upon
dozens economic, technology and military policy conditions and adaptations
which created military outcomes of the war. Throughout, Hahn offers these discussions in a
writing style which is both accessible and concise.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p></p><p></p><p><br /></p>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-2405721979109374582021-07-12T12:48:00.007-04:002021-07-12T13:05:33.873-04:00Forthcoming: Civil War Witnesses and Their Books, Fall 2021<p style="margin-left: 160px; text-align: left;"><img class="image-stretch-vertical" id="igImage" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41CUFV7EHJS.jpg" style="max-height: 500px; max-width: 333px;" /></p><div class="celwidget" data-csa-c-id="3nrou8-wd60sg-j0ywjj-59w8me" data-feature-name="titleblock" id="titleblock_feature_div"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="productTitle"></span><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="productTitle"></span><span class="a-size-extra-large" id="productTitle"><i>Civil War Witnesses and Their Books: New Perspectives on Iconic Works</i>
(Number 74 in the series, Conflicting Worlds: New Dimensions of the American Civil War), </span><span class="a-size-large a-color-secondary" id="productSubtitle"></span><span class="a-size-large a-color-secondary" id="productSubtitle"></span></span></span><span class="author notFaded" data-width="189"><span class="contribution"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="a-color-secondary">Gary Gallagher et al., 314 pp., Louisiana State University Press, $45.00</span></span>
</span>
</span></div><p><span style="font-size: large;"><i>From the Publisher: </i></span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Civil War Witnesses and Their Books: New Perspectives on Iconic Works</i>
serves as a wide-ranging analysis of texts written by individuals who
experienced the American Civil War. Edited by Gary W. Gallagher and
Stephen Cushman, this volume, like its companion, <i>Civil War Writing: New Perspectives on Iconic Texts</i>
(2019), features the voices of authors who felt compelled to convey
their stories for a variety of reasons. Some produced works intended
primarily for their peers, while others were concerned with how future
generations would judge their wartime actions. One diarist penned her
entries with no thought that they would later become available to the
public. The essayists explore the work of five men and three women,
including prominent Union and Confederate generals, the wives of a
headline-seeking US cavalry commander and a Democratic judge from New
York City, a member of Robert E. Lee’s staff, a Union artillerist, a
matron from Richmond’s sprawling Chimborazo Hospital, and a leading
abolitionist US senator.<br /><br /><i>Civil War Witnesses and Their Books</i> shows how some of those who lived through the conflict attempted to
assess its importance and frame it for later generations. Their voices
have particular resonance today and underscore how rival memory
traditions stir passion and controversy, providing essential testimony for anyone seeking to understand the nation’s greatest trial and its aftermath.</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Contents: </i> <br /></span></p><p> <span style="font-size: large;">“<i>From Manassas to Appomattox:</i> James Longstreet’s Memoir and the Limits of Confederate Reconciliation,” Elizabeth R. Varon<br /><br />“A Modern Sensibility in Older Garb: Henry Wilson’s <i>Rise and Fall of the Slave Power</i> and the Beginnings of Civil War History,” William Blair<br /><br />“‘The Brisk and Brilliant Matron of Chimborazo Hospital’: Phoebe Yates Pember’s Nurse Narrative,’” Sarah E. Gardner<br /><br />“George McClellan’s Many Turnings,” Stephen Cushman<br /><br />“Maria Lydig Daly: <i>Diary of a Union Lady 1861–1865</i>,” J. Matthew Gallman<br /><br />“<i>John D. Billings’s Hardtack and Coffee</i>: A Union Fighting Man’s Civil War,” M. Keith Harris<br /><br />“One Widow’s Wars: The Civil War, Reconstruction, and the West in Elizabeth Bacon Custer’s Memoirs,” Cecily N. Zander<br /><br />“Proximity and Numbers: Walter H. Taylor Shapes Confederate History and Memory,” Gary W. Gallagher</span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;"> Publisher's Page: <a href="https://lsupress.org/books/detail/civil-war-witnesses-and-their-books/">https://lsupress.org/books/detail/civil-war-witnesses-and-their-books/</a><br /></span></p>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-10573540680412697032021-05-06T10:48:00.001-04:002021-05-06T10:51:56.157-04:00Finding Unionists in Virginia: John L. Nau III Center for Civil War History & Building a Digital History Website<h1 class="entry-title"><br /><br /></h1><h1 class="entry-title"><img alt="" height="430" src="https://naucenter.as.virginia.edu/sites/naucenter.as.virginia.edu/files/UVA%20Unionist_small.jpg" width="671" /> UVA Unionists: Digital Project Studying University of Virginia Alumni Who Stayed Loyal to the Union</h1><p><span style="font-size: medium;">On May 4 at 7 pm ET, the John L. Nau III Center for Civil War History at
the University of Virginia officially launched its second digital
project, UVA Unionists. This project chronicles the more than sixty UVA
students, alumni, or professors who served the Union cause during the
Civil War. Editorial Assistant Brian Neumann and Digital Historian Will
Kurtz discussed the projects findings and give a short demonstration of
the website.</span></p><p>YouTube Video: <a href=" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMItpfNATcs">University of Virginia Unionists</a></p><p><a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2021/05/uva-unionists-a-digital-project-studying-university-of-virginia-alumni-who-stayed-loyal-to-the-union/"> Journal of the Civil War online publication, Muster, </a></p><p><a href="https://naucenter.as.virginia.edu/digital-projects">Nau Center for Digital Projects</a></p><p> <img alt="" height="379" src="https://naucenter.as.virginia.edu/sites/naucenter.as.virginia.edu/files/BVIB_small.jpg" width="565" /></p><h1 class="entry-title"><br /></h1><p><br /></p>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-4752836466480879512021-05-03T14:09:00.001-04:002021-05-03T14:09:18.782-04:00<h1 class="article-header__title"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><img alt="" class="attachment-featured-single size-featured-single" height="426" src="https://i2.wp.com/www.nationalreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/civil-war-battlefields-9.jpg?fit=789%2C460&ssl=1" width="730" /><b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b></span></h1><h1 class="article-header__title"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Army University Press: The ‘Union Army’ Is No More, By Fred Bauer, National Review, April 27, 2021</span></b></span></h1><h1 class="article-header__title"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Having triumphed over rebel forces 160 years ago, the Union army now faces a new challenge: the effort to erase it from history books The Army University Press announced new guidelines for article and book submissions that strongly discourage the use of the term 'the Union' to refer to the forces of the U.S. government during the Civil War.</span></span></h1><h1 class="article-header__title"><span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>Similarly, citizens in states who remained loyal to the
United States did not all feel a strong commitment towards dissolving
the institution of slavery, nor did they believe Lincoln’s views
represented their own.</span></span></span></h1><p class="article-header__title" style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>Thus, while the historiography has traditionally
referred to the “Union” in the American Civil War as “the northern
states loyal to the United States government,” the fact is that the term
“Union” always referred to all the states together, which clearly was
not the situation at all. In light of this, the reader will discover
that the word “Union” will be largely replaced by the more historically
accurate “Federal Government” or “U.S. Government.” “Union forces” or
“Union army” will largely be replaced by the terms “U.S. Army,”
“Federals,” or “Federal Army.</span></span></span></p><h1 class="article-header__title"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-size: large;">However, it’s not just “the historiography” in the abstract that has
referred to the states loyal to the federal government as “the Union.”
The people who fought to preserve the Constitutional order called their
side “the Union,” too. In his memoirs, Ulysses S. Grant referred many
times to the “Union army” or “Union troops.” Countless documents written
during the Civil War (by those who fought against the Confederacy)
spoke of the “Union army.” Referring to the effort to preserve the U.S.
federal government during the Civil War as “the Union” is not some
retrospective invention of historians.</span></span>
</h1><p><span style="font-size: large;">In fact, it’s arguable that erasing the term “the Union” from
historiographical discourse, far from being “more historically
accurate,” distorts the vision of Lincoln, Grant, and many other
Americans.</span></p><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><p><span style="font-size: large;">“Union” has a particular charge in American discourse, from the
Constitution’s “more perfect Union” onward. In his first inaugural
address, Lincoln reflected on the centrality of the hopes of union for
the American republic. He held in that address that secession was not
just the splintering of the United States but the obliteration of
political order: “The central idea of secession is the essence of
anarchy.” The secession crisis threatened the U.S. government, but
Lincoln and his contemporaries also saw violent secession as threatening
the prospect of democratic governance in general.</span></p><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><aside class="ad-unit ad-unit--center ad-unit--inline">
<div class="ad-unit__inner">
</div>
</aside><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><p><span style="font-size: large;">The project of Union was about the U.S. federal government, but it
was about more than that, too. Union was the hope of reconciling
conflict within a democracy. Union was the assertion of the rule of law
over factional violence. Union was securing the prospect of republican
liberty. For many Americans, the army that marched under the Stars and
Stripes was in that deeper sense the Union army.</span></p><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><p><span style="font-size: large;">In his funeral sermon for Abraham Lincoln, the minister Phineas
Gurley did not once mention the “federal government” or even “United
States.” Instead, he spoke again and again about “union”: “through all
these long and weary years of civil strife, while our friends and
brothers on so many ensanguined fields were falling and dying for the
cause of Liberty and Union.” If one of the goals of historical study is
to capture the textures of past eras, erasing “the Union” and “the Union
army” from historical discourse would make it harder to understand the
passions and principles of those who risked their lives to preserve the
American republic.</span></p><h1 class="article-header__title"><span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span><b> Text Source:</b> <a href="https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/army-university-press-the-union-army-is-no-more/">National Review April 27, 2021</a></span></span></span></h1><h1 class="article-header__title"><span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>Image: accompanying National Review online article</span></span></span><br /><span style="color: black; font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span>Union troops form near the battlefield during a re-enactment of “The
Wheatfield” as part of the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg
in Gettysburg, Pa., July 5, 2013. <cite>(Gary Cameron/Reuters)</cite></span></span></span></h1>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-23373948071526043332021-04-30T09:37:00.005-04:002021-04-30T09:37:48.950-04:00Both Union and Confederate Armies Faced a Third Army<p> </p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Lucida Fax",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">As
the U.S. approaches 600,000 deaths from Covid-19, it is </span>hard to fathom that this
calamity pales in comparison to America’s worst outbreak of epidemic diseases
during and just after the Civil War.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Fax",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">From smallpox and measles to
dysentery and typhoid, the Civil War, which lasted from 1861 to 1865, triggered
an explosion of deadly epidemics on a scale never seen in the U.S., before or
since. A million sick soldiers, newly emancipated ex-slaves, families caught in
the crossfire, and hungry refugees died during the war, about 3% of the U.S.
population. Two-thirds of these deaths were from disease. For comparison, it
would take nearly 10 million Americans deaths from Covid-19 to reach the Civil
War’s death toll.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Fax",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As a medical historian, I’ve
spent countless hours poring through vintage medical journals, public health
reports, and eyewitness accounts of the health nightmare that was the Civil
War. These sources are full of sobering parallels between that war and
Covid-19, as well as the valuable but essentially forgotten lessons it taught the
country about public health. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Fax",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Complete text is found at <a href="https://www.statnews.com/2021/04/18/lessons-learned-forgotten-horrific-epidemics-us-civil-war/" target="_blank">STAT</a><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Lucida Fax",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></p>
<p></p><p><br />
</p>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-62086650040520734822021-03-29T12:21:00.006-04:002021-03-29T12:21:56.695-04:00<p><span style="font-size: medium;"></span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0h-FR_4BCMm_4TTpw0piOurIvCWijlqoNULWfCpMjntdKk8ZjR-ynEGfS8_o0T1WlzTcKZzVGbM_mhZEqIeRiNsz6yiY45uBGrvpN91wjFzfy_Rdq2pWIV0_ze7nuChkASW-w/s218/Richmond+Last+Citadel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="218" data-original-width="145" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0h-FR_4BCMm_4TTpw0piOurIvCWijlqoNULWfCpMjntdKk8ZjR-ynEGfS8_o0T1WlzTcKZzVGbM_mhZEqIeRiNsz6yiY45uBGrvpN91wjFzfy_Rdq2pWIV0_ze7nuChkASW-w/w213-h320/Richmond+Last+Citadel.jpg" width="213" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> <i>Civil War Richmond: The Last Citadel</i>, Jack Trammel and Guy Terrell, Forward by Ed Ayers, </span>205 pp., 71 illustrations, 4 charts, 3 maps, bibliographic notes, bibliography, index, $21.99</span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The authors offer a clear and concise presentation of Richmond's various histories; such as Richmond before 1861. This discussion includes its founding, commerce, and population in the context of it's being as a state capital in which cotton was king and slave sales occurred. Not neglected is the African American community and citizens who opposed slavery, </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;">The authors' offer the city's 1861-1864 history regarding Virginia's secession, the choice of the Confederacy's national capital, manufacturing and railroad center, as well as a discussion of its newspapers, Unionist sentiments and spies, along with the impact of the Seven Days Battles upon the city. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span> Both of these sections are presented in about 145 pages. A third topic, Richmond in Decline, 1864-1865 is adequately presented in about 45 pages. Overall, the maps, charts and photographs/illustrations add significantly to the reader's enjoyment of this splendid offer from History Press.<br /></span></p><p><b><span style="font-size: medium;">From the Publisher:</span></b></p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span>Few American cities have experienced the trauma of wartime destruction.
As the capital of the new Confederate States of America, situated only
ninety miles from the enemy capital at Washington, D.C., Richmond was
under constant threat. The civilian population suffered not only
shortage and hardship but also constant anxiety. During the war, the
city more than doubled in population and became the industrial center of
a prolonged and costly war effort. The city transformed with the
creation of a massive hospital system, military training camps, new
industries and shifting social roles for everyone, including women and
African Americans. Local historians Jack Trammell and Guy Terrell detail
the excitement, and eventually bitter disappointment, of Richmond at
war.</p>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-79888026074574805952021-03-15T09:41:00.004-04:002021-03-15T09:41:39.003-04:00Three Civil War Historians Discuss Digital History and Writing History<p><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-43425" height="405" src="http://cwmemory.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Screen-Shot-2021-03-14-at-8.19.08-AM-1024x405.png" width="1024" /></p><p> Three Civil War Historians Discuss Digital History and Writing History</p><p> <a href=" http://cwmemory.com/2021/03/14/stephen-berry-on-the-historians-craft/"> http://cwmemory.com/2021/03/14/stephen-berry-on-the-historians-craft/</a></p>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-31860037247539872692021-03-05T11:56:00.010-05:002021-03-05T12:19:46.784-05:00Notable and Forthcoming: Meade at Gettysburg, A Study In Command <p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwd12UzchGaC6J7EGvB2R_EgFpX2Vv699PNJIgg1leVCAw3Z0_Nqu-9_-AFwV4xB8EjCIuHMfH0vS2IncyWI3GbEs03LYl75a0SdMC2i6lJK_Bsr9W_HhBwDsD3h3W_n6pQhNj/s453/Meade+At+Gettysburg.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="453" data-original-width="300" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwd12UzchGaC6J7EGvB2R_EgFpX2Vv699PNJIgg1leVCAw3Z0_Nqu-9_-AFwV4xB8EjCIuHMfH0vS2IncyWI3GbEs03LYl75a0SdMC2i6lJK_Bsr9W_HhBwDsD3h3W_n6pQhNj/w210-h316/Meade+At+Gettysburg.webp" width="210" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;">Meade At Gettysburg: A Study in Command, Kent Masterson Brown, Esquire, University of North Carolina Press, 488 pp., 70 illustrations, 13 maps, bibliographic notes, index, June 2021, $ 35.00.</span><br /><p></p><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-left: 440px;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;">Although he took command of the Army of the Potomac only three days
before the first shots were fired at Gettysburg, Union general George G.
Meade guided his forces to victory in the Civil War's most pivotal
battle. Commentators often dismiss Meade when discussing the great
leaders of the Civil War. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">But in this long-anticipated book, Kent
Masterson Brown draws on an expansive archive to reappraise Meade's
leadership during the Battle of Gettysburg. Using Meade's published and
unpublished papers alongside diaries, letters, and memoirs of fellow
officers and enlisted men, Brown highlights how Meade's rapid advance of
the army to Gettysburg on July 1, his tactical control and coordination
of the army in the desperate fighting on July 2, and his determination
to hold his positions on July 3 insured victory. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Brown argues
that supply deficiencies, brought about by the army's unexpected need to
advance to Gettysburg, were crippling. In spite of that, Meade pursued
Lee's retreating army rapidly, and his decision not to blindly attack
Lee's formidable defenses near Williamsport on July 13 was entirely
correct in spite of subsequent harsh criticism.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Combining compelling
narrative with incisive analysis, this finely rendered work of military
history deepens our understanding of the Army of the Potomac as well as
the machinations of the Gettysburg Campaign, restoring Meade to his
rightful place in the Gettysburg.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Kent Masterson Brown an award-winning writer, filmmaker, and attorney
residing in Lexington, Kentucky. His previou</span>s books include <i>Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign</i>. </div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Text Source:</b> <a href="https://uncpress.org/book/9781469661995/meade-at-gettysburg/">University of North Carolina Press Press </a><br /></div><p><br /></p><br /><p></p>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-65163595906604122112021-03-05T10:32:00.009-05:002021-03-05T12:25:29.229-05:00New and Noteworthy: Confederate Women Prisoners of War [With Interview Link]<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><h2><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span></span></span>Women Making War: Female Confederate Prisoners and Union Military Justice, Thomas F. Curran</h2><h2><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;">274 pages, 6 x 9.25, 18 illustrations, bibliography, index, paperback, $26.50<br /></span></span></span></h2><h2><img alt="Women Making War" height="366" src="http://siupress.com/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/book_covers/9780809338030.jpg?itok=tnD1B2NN" title="Women Making War" width="238" /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i> </i></span></span></span></h2><h2><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Partisan activities of disloyal women and the Union army’s reaction</i><br />
<br />
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> During the American Civil War, more than four hundred women were
arrested and imprisoned by the Union Army in the St. Louis area. The
majority of these women were fully aware of the political nature of
their actions and had made conscious decisions to assist Confederate
soldiers in armed rebellion against the U.S. government. Their crimes
included offering aid to Confederate soldiers, smuggling, spying,
sabotaging, and, rarely, serving in the Confederate army. Historian
Thomas F. Curran’s extensive research highlights for the first time the
female Confederate prisoners in the St. Louis area, and his thoughtful
analysis shows how their activities affected Federal military policy.<br />
<br />
Early in the war, Union officials felt reluctant to arrest women and
waited to do so until their conduct could no longer be tolerated. The
war progressed, the women’s disloyal activities escalated, and Federal
response grew stronger. Some Confederate partisan women were banished to
the South, while others were held at Alton Military Prison and other
sites. The guerilla war in Missouri resulted in more arrests of women,
and the task of incarcerating them became more complicated.<br />
<br />
The women’s offenses were seen as treasonous by the Federal government.
By determining that women—who were excluded from the politics of the
male public sphere—were capable of treason, Federal authorities
implicitly acknowledged that women acted in ways that had serious
political meaning. Nearly six decades before U.S. women had the right to
vote, Federal officials who dealt with Confederate partisan women
routinely referred to them as <i>citizens</i>. Federal officials
created a policy that conferred on female citizens the same obligations
male citizens had during time of war and rebellion, and they prosecuted
disloyal women in the same way they did disloyal men.<br />
<br />
The women arrested in the St. Louis area are only a fraction of the
total number of female southern partisans who found ways to advance the
Confederate military cause. More significant than their numbers,
however, is what the fragmentary records of these women reveal about the
activities that led to their arrests, the reactions women partisans
evoked from the Federal authorities who confronted them, the impact that
women’s partisan activities had on Federal military policy and military
prisons, and how these women’s experiences were subsumed to comport
with a Lost Cause myth—the need for valorous men to safeguard the homes
of defenseless women</span>.</span></span></h2><h2><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Text Source: <a href="http://www.siupress.com/books/978-0-8093-3803-0">Southern Illinois University Press</a></b></span></span></h2><h2><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Author Interview: <a href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/4113/discussions/7373203/author-interview-thomas-f-curran-women-making-war-part-2">H-Net</a> </b><br /></span></span></h2><p></p><h2><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
</h2><p class="names">
<br /></p><p> </p>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-67414309362703710732021-03-03T13:58:00.003-05:002021-03-03T13:58:58.041-05:00May Be One Of A Kind? 1864 Union Regimental Poll Book<p> </p><p> <img class="edan-record-main-content" height="585" src="https://ids.si.edu/ids/deliveryService?id=NMAH-AHB2016q013053&max=1000" style="visibility: visible;" width="784" /></p><p><a href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1591320">https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1591320</a> <br /></p>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-33926993298239054892021-03-03T13:57:00.006-05:002021-03-03T13:57:58.546-05:00Lincoln: A Life In The Natural Environment<p><i><i style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Lincoln and the Natural Environment" height="320" src="http://siupress.siu.edu/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/book_covers/9780809336982.jpg?itok=-AsHpeds" title="Lincoln and the Natural Environment" width="198" /></i>Lincoln and the Natural Environment</i>, James Tackach, 150pp., 8 illustrations, bibliographic notes, bibliography, index, Southern Illinois University Press, 2019 $24.95 </p><p>Lincoln's life occurred during an era of transition from when most individuals were farmers who lived in relatively new states to a time when metropolitan regions and webs of commerce began to dominate the natural environment. During the early decades of Lincoln's life water powered then steam powered mills began to produce clothing, farm tools and machines, and domestic goods. The first half of the 1800s most citizens lived on farms and in small communities. By mid-century, farmers and industrial workers had both come to dominate the interactions of the economy with the natural environment. </p><p>On the eve of the Civil War, more than 70 percent of Americans lived on
farms or in small farm towns, and agriculture was the nation's largest
and fastest-growing business. </p><p> Additional review at H-Net:<a href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=53544" rel="nofollow">https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=53544</a> </p>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-58977365052410439632021-03-03T13:56:00.004-05:002021-03-03T13:56:48.006-05:00Prisoners of War: Handwritten Newspaper By Confederates Held in Delaware<p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/cq-article-8680971aec71df77c45dc3dbe359aafa-component-1@published" data-word-count="44"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQm5qnLS9LH8ehOlep8UntNG1ilRBBvPKAcZDKTVzNEhp5dMsbFvQNfMKILOUsff4AHtodrjGT6-sX538JAzSaKaS48nRkQkD9IAGrRPukAyTF0fbCma7klHMECTVtSv1ChixU/s1288/CSA+POW+Newspaper.webp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1288" data-original-width="840" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQm5qnLS9LH8ehOlep8UntNG1ilRBBvPKAcZDKTVzNEhp5dMsbFvQNfMKILOUsff4AHtodrjGT6-sX538JAzSaKaS48nRkQkD9IAGrRPukAyTF0fbCma7klHMECTVtSv1ChixU/w423-h308/CSA+POW+Newspaper.webp" width="423" /></a></div><br />Confederate prisoners of war confined at Fort Delaware produced this newspaper by hand in 1865. The
New York Historical Society holds one of four surviving copies, each of which was likely passed
around and read by multiple prisoners. The paper numbers four pages in
total.<p></p>
<p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/cq-article-8680971aec71df77c45dc3dbe359aafa-component-2@published" data-word-count="62">Like camps holding Union prisoners in the South, Fort Delaware, located on the Delaware River, was not a pleasant place. More than 40,000 Confederate prisoners of war cycled through the brick-walled prison between 1862 and 1865.
Overcrowding, poor handling of sanitation, and short rations resulted in
the deaths of many prisoners. Astonishingly, 56,000 men fighting on
both sides died while imprisoned during the conflict. The paper numbers four pages in
total.
</p><p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/cq-article-8680971aec71df77c45dc3dbe359aafa-component-3@published" data-word-count="63">Despite
these conditions, the men at Fort Delaware evolved an informal economy,
staged entertainments, and formed clubs. This newspaper was mostly
concerned with covering these aspects of the prison experience. In their
introductory column, the editors of the paper warn the reader that
“nothing political will be indulged in” and promise instead to promote
“public improvements, the Fine Arts, and Advancement of Literature.”</p>
<p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/cq-article-8680971aec71df77c45dc3dbe359aafa-component-4@published" data-word-count="40">The
“ancient toast” printed in the central column refers to “the old
chivalric time.” Southerners before and after the Civil War were
particularly intrigued by chivalry, knighthood, and the literature of Sire Walter Scott and this offering reflects that taste. The
newspaper also carries paid advertisements for barbershops, “washing
and ironing,” dental services, and music instruction. If the first issue
is any indication, the editors had no problem finding prisoners willing
to underwrite this venture with their advertising dollars.
</p><p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/cq-article-8680971aec71df77c45dc3dbe359aafa-component-6@published" data-word-count="45">In The Civil War in 50 Objects, historian Harold Holzer wrote about this newspaper and surmises that this edition of the <i>Prison Times</i> was probably one of very few produced. Vol. 1, No. 1 was “printed” the same month that the war ended.</p><p class="slate-paragraph slate-graf" data-uri="slate.com/_components/slate-paragraph/instances/cq-article-8680971aec71df77c45dc3dbe359aafa-component-6@published" data-word-count="45">Source: <a href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/06/confederate-pows-produced-handwritten-newspaper-at-fort-delaware.html">Slate, The Vault </a><br /></p><p> </p>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-68303206546271361222020-03-19T15:44:00.001-04:002020-03-19T15:44:32.550-04:00New and Noteworthy: Fighting Means Killing: Soldiers View Their Work<a href="https://kansaspress.ku.edu/images/publications/raw/9780700626281.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="978-0-7006-2628-1" border="0" class="bookshadow" height="400" src="https://kansaspress.ku.edu/images/publications/raw/9780700626281.jpg" width="263" /></a><i>Fighting Means Killing: Civil War Soldiers and the Nature of Combat</i>, Jonathan M. Steplyk, University of Kansas Press, 294 pp., 14 illustrations, bibliographic notes, bibliography, index, 2018, $29.95<br />
<br />
<i>Fighting Means Killing: Civil War Soldiers and the Nature of Combat </i>is quite possibly the first book-length study of soldiers' attitudes toward killing on the battlefields of the war. Others, such as Brent Nosworthy , Earl Hess, Gerald Linderman and others have addressed the topic within chapters. David Grossman's <i>On Killing </i>(1995) is offered by Steplyk as his model. Psychological conditions and mental health outcomes held and owned by battlefield soldiers are compared and contrasted with both the civilian and military training they received.<br />
<br />
The author notes that the average soldier struggled to sublimate learned civilian resistance to provoking enemies' death on the battlefield. American society's culture and religious practices, generally speaking, provided barriers to combat effectiveness.<br />
<br />
Like other historians, the author notes that hand-to-hand fighting was rare. Death by bayonet was more rare than death by sharpshooters which was less likely that death by massed muskets and artillery. Steplyk believes that sharpshooters were somewhat tolerated and not hated outcasts on the battlefield.<br />
He argues soldiers, at times, went to demanding lengths to limit, even avoid, killing, even to the point of putting themselves in jeopardy. <br />
<br />
Steplyk thoroughly considers the mortal and moral problems of race related massacres of surrendering troops. Participants, who justified these massacres, he concludes had their reasons and motives, which were both ideological and racial.<br />
<br />
Throughout the book, firsthand sources are relied upon by the author. He provides the foci of when, how and why soldiers withheld their fire and at other times directed the fire of their immediate comrades in arms. Informal structures of parley, truce, and accepting surrenders are described as the soldiers experienced them. He author balances primary and secondary sources as he considers the wartime motivations and post-war justifications by the veterans. Readers who have thorough knowledge of the war's troops and battles, along with readers who are less immersed in American Civil War history, will find the text accessible and intriguing. <br />
<br />
<br />Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-66963747527445410172020-03-18T09:05:00.000-04:002020-03-18T09:05:23.481-04:00Primary Souce: 45th Pennsylvania' Hospital Steward's Report on South Mountain <b> “It’s too damned hot here” – A medical history of the 45th Pennsylvania’s first battle</b><br />
<br />
A common theme in Civil War history is examining how
soldiers described their first experience in combat. Many referred to this with
the period phrase “seeing the elephant.” After experiencing their first combat,
however, those who survived lost that naïve excitement they first carried into
combat. <br />
<a href="http://www.civilwarmed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/james-meyers-45th-pa.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="wp-image-10980" height="320" src="http://www.civilwarmed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/james-meyers-45th-pa.png" width="239" /></a>The same also applies to the medical teams that accompanied
their regiments into their first battle. For the 45<sup>th</sup> Pennsylvania
Volunteer Infantry, the first blood came at the Battle of South Mountain in
September 1862. The regiment had spent almost its entire first year of the war
in coastal South Carolina, and lost many more men to disease than it had to
Confederate bullets or shells. The men spent their days drilling, building
fortifications, and performing other hard labor as necessary.<br />
In the regimental history for the unit, published in 1912,
Hospital Steward James A. Myers described the first time the 45<sup>th</sup>
Pennsylvania’s medical personnel went into action and the chaotic first taste
of combat.<br />
<br />
<b>Full Text Link</b>:<a href="http://www.civilwarmed.org/45th-pa-medical/" target="_blank">National Museum of Civil War Medicine</a><br />
<br />
<b> Image: </b>James A. Meyers, Hospital Steward, 45th PA. Image taken from regimental history on archive.orgRea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-68151365140140332852020-03-13T16:19:00.001-04:002020-03-13T16:19:35.761-04:00New and Noteworthy: Lee Is Trapped And Must Be Taken<span class="a-size-base review-text review-text-content" data-hook="review-body"><span></span></span><span class="a-size-base review-text review-text-content" data-hook="review-body"><span></span></span><b><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle">"Lee is Trapped, and
Must be Taken": Eleven Fateful Days after Gettysburg: July 4 - 14, 1863,
Thomas Ryan, Savas Beatie Publishing, 342 pages, 33 illustrations,
index, bibliography, $32.00, 2019. </span></b><br />
<br />
<span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle"> </span><span class="a-size-base review-text review-text-content" data-hook="review-body"><span>A
remarkable accomplishment of scholarship. Using scores of enlisted
men's letters and reflections, commissioned officers' reports,
newspaper, and civilian recollections Ryan and Schaus offer a
fast-paced, day-by-day account of the decisions and the happenstances of
the Army of Northern Virginia's flight from Gettysburg Battlefield as
the Army of the Potomac attempts to catch the fast-moving Rebels. 'Lee
Is Trapped and Must Be Taken' is now must-reading alongside Brown's
'Retreat From Gettysburg', and Wittenberg's/Petruzzi's/Nugent's 'One
Continuous Fight'.</span></span><br />
<br /><span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle"></span>
<span class="a-size-base review-text review-text-content" data-hook="review-body"><span> </span></span><img alt="Front cover" src="https://cdn11.bigcommerce.com/s-s0x4togczw/images/stencil/1000x1000/products/596/2931/Lee_is_Trapped_NEW__21733.1568833854.JPG?c=2" />
<br />
Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-1015107063660584482020-03-10T11:07:00.001-04:002020-03-10T11:07:09.012-04:00News From The National Archives: Did the Confederate Government Pay Slaves?<h1>
Confederate Slave Payrolls Shed Light on Lives of 19th Century African American Families</h1>
<em>By Victoria Macchi </em>| National Archives News<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="refer to caption" src="https://www.archives.gov/files/news/images/confed-slave-payroll-children-719477-04994-02-detail.jpg" /><br />
<br />
WASHINGTON, D.C., March 4, 2020 — For all of March 1862, a man named Ben
cooked for the Confederate military stationed at Pinners Point, VA, earning 60 cents a day that would go to his owner.A few months later and 65 miles away, Godfrey, Willis, and Anthony worked on “obstructions of the Appomattox River” at Fort Clifton.<br />
<br />
Then there were Grace, Silvia and Bella, among several women listed as laborers at South Carolina’s Ashley Ferry
Nitre Works in April 1864, near the names of children like Sarah, Eugenia and Sampson. <br />
<br />
They are single lines, often with no last name, on paper yellowed but
legible after 155 years, among thousands scrawled in loping letters
that make up nearly 6,000 Confederate Slave Payroll records, a <a href="https://catalog.archives.gov/search?q=719477">trove of Civil War documents</a> digitized for the first time by National Archives staff in a multiyear project that concluded in January. Continued at <b>Full Text Link:</b> <a href="https://www.archives.gov/news/articles/confederate-slave-payrolls-digitized" target="_blank">National Archives</a>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-41069371640308296302020-01-28T08:42:00.000-05:002020-01-28T08:42:45.644-05:00New and Noteworthy: Life During Wartime--Living, Dying and Surviving in Richmond, Virginia<a href="https://uncpress-us.imgix.net/covers/9781469650982.jpg?auto=format&w=300" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Rebel Richmond" border="0" class="sp-product__image" height="400" src="https://uncpress-us.imgix.net/covers/9781469650982.jpg?auto=format&w=300" width="262" /></a><strong></strong> <u><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><em></em></a></span></u><i>Rebel Richmond: Life and Death in the Confederate Capital</i><u><span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1469650983" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><em></em></a></span></u><i>,</i>Stephen Ash, University of North Carolina Press, 296 ppages, illustrations, bibliographic notes, bibliography, 2019. $35.00. <br />
<br />
<strong>Reviewed by</strong> Michael E. Woods (Marshall University) <strong>Published on</strong> H-CivWar (January, 2020)<br />
<br />
A fresh-faced lieutenant screams from a hospital bed. Shopkeepers
fence stolen goods, while an equally entrepreneurial embalmer smuggles
deserters and draft dodgers out of town in coffins. Neighbors hear a
confectioner lashing an enslaved girl with a leather strap; the next
day, the four-year-old child is found dead. In a filthy shack near the
wharves, a young prostitute dies alone from a laudanum overdose. These
kinds of stories are rarely commemorated with monuments or dramatized in
reenactments. But they are all Civil War stories, and they all find a
place in Stephen V. Ash’s outstanding <em>Rebel Richmond: Life and Death in the Confederate Capital</em>. <br />
<br />
Richmond was a national capital and a target for attack, a commercial
hub and a manufacturing powerhouse, a haven for refugees and a place of
captivity. But although historians have thoroughly documented the
city’s political and military histories, the experiences of its humbler
residents, whose numbers swelled to more than 100,000 during the
conflict, have received less attention. The purpose of Ash’s book is to
explore “how ordinary Richmonders”—black and white, enslaved and free,
male and female, rich and poor, civilian and soldier—“fared in the
maelstrom of war” (p. 3).<br />
<br />
Ash quite logically emphasizes Richmond’s
uniqueness, but the city’s prominence in both history and historiography
means that this book will fascinate not only local historians but also
readers interested in everything from common soldiers and women’s
history to class conflict and slave resistance.<br />
Ash surveys life in wartime Richmond in a series of thematic
chapters. The city’s diverse population was fractured along lines of
wealth, status, and occupation, but most Richmonders faced an
increasingly severe struggle to get by as neighbors multiplied and
resources dwindled in what one local paper aptly called the “metropolis
of the South” (p. 19).<br />
<br />
Richmond’s population may have tripled during the
war as bureaucrats, soldiers, refugees, impressed slaves, and drifters,
driven by force or free will, crowded into the city. With housing
scarce and rents soaring, civilians squeezed into rented rooms, hotels,
and offices while soldiers and enslaved laborers lived in nearby
barracks and encampments and a growing number of captives—including
political prisoners and captured Union soldiers—languished in jails and
camps. And although proximity to a rich agricultural hinterland had kept
antebellum Richmond well fed, wartime disruption and overcrowding
created a parallel crisis of sustenance. As with the housing shortage,
public efforts to increase food supply met with mixed results: most
Richmonders did not starve, but the poor and the wards of the
Confederate government waged a desperate struggle for subsistence.<br />
<br />
Unlike food and shelter, jobs were plentiful in a city where fierce
competition for workers pitted private manufacturers against
public-sector employers and the military. Even though Confederate
officers detailed soldiers to work in factories and other productive
enterprises, the labor shortage remained acute, so considerable numbers
of enslaved people, free blacks, and white women and children filled the
void. Of course, with so many strangers coming and going, old fears of
insurrection and new apprehensions of disloyalty fostered an atmosphere
of suspicion.<br />
<br />
Deserters and Unionist agents did not topple the city’s
Confederate power structure, but the prevalence of crime and immorality,
coupled with resistance by enslaved people, made many affluent white
Richmonders fear the worst. The outbreak of Richmond’s infamous bread
riots in April 1863 seemed to portend a more general uprising of the
city’s motley underclass, and for the last two years of the war, local
officials mixed poor relief with paramilitary repression in an effort to
keep order. The proximity of military force reassured Richmond’s elite,
but the proliferation of military hospitals, complete with the sights,
sounds, and smells of suffering and death, provided a constant reminder
of the war’s costs.<br />
<br />
Ash has indeed brought “wartime Richmond to life as a city of
flesh-and-blood men, women, and children of many sorts who responded in
very human ways to extraordinarily trying circumstances” (p. 5). The
success of this rich social history stems from diligent archival
research. Ash delved into a variety of manuscript materials, including
personal correspondence, the records of the Southern Claims Commission,
church and hospital records, and letters received by the Confederate
Provost Marshal’s Office and the Confederate Secretary of War.<br />
<br />
These
dusty files yielded a trove of poignant stories that demonstrate how
Richmond’s diverse residents navigated a city shaken to its core by an
increasingly revolutionary conflict. From the arrest of an African
American bartender who allegedly spoke to a white man with “insolent and
provoking language” (p. 175) to hospital matrons’ attempts to brighten
their dreary living quarters, <em>Rebel Richmond</em> compellingly
illuminates how Richmonders lived, labored, and died in a city where the
war sometimes reached the suburbs and was never far away.<br />
<br />
This book complements previous accounts of wartime Richmond by Emory
M. Thomas and Ernest B. Furgurson, which relied (particularly in
Thomas’s case) more heavily on published materials.[1] It also will
provide opportunities for comparative analysis if read alongside other
urban histories, such as Wendy Hamand Venet’s study of Civil War-era
Atlanta and William Warren Rogers Jr.’s work on Montgomery.[2] Indeed,
what Richmond shared with other Confederate cities may be as important
as what set it apart. Richmond’s status as a political, industrial, and
military center certainly made it a distinctly attractive target for
Union strategists and a singularly powerful symbol of Confederate
nationalism, and Ash quite reasonably underscores its uniqueness.<br />
<br />
But
many aspects of Richmond’s story had parallels in other Confederate
cities. Union war planners coveted New Orleans and Atlanta;
manufacturing boomed in Selma and Augusta; refugees streamed into
Raleigh and Columbia. <em>Rebel Richmond</em> therefore underscores the
centrality of cities to the story of the Confederacy. As Andrew L. Slap
and Frank Towers have pointed out, for all the obvious importance of
Southern plantation agriculture, and for all the Lost Cause paeans to an
agrarian way of life, cities were at the heart of the Confederate
project, from the meeting of secession conventions to the manufacturing
of war materiel and the marshaling of armies.[3] <em>Rebel Richmond</em>
demonstrates this point brilliantly and poignantly. Regardless of where
they came from or why they were there, Richmonders—all 100,000 or more
of them—experienced an emphatically urban Civil War.<br />
<br />
Bibliographic Notes: <br />
[1]. Emory M. Thomas, <em>The Confederate State of Richmond: A Biography of the Capital</em> (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971); Ernest B. Furgurson, <em>Ashes of Glory: Richmond at War</em> (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996).<br />
[2]. Wendy Hamand Venet, <em>A Changing Wind: Commerce and Conflict in Civil War Atlanta</em> (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014); William Warren Rogers Jr., <em>Confederate Home Front: Montgomery during the Civil War</em> (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999).<br />
[3]. Andrew L. Slap and Frank Towers, “Introduction: Historians and the Urban South’s Civil War,” in <em>Confederate Cities: The Urban South during the Civil War Era</em>, ed. Andrew L. Slap and Frank Towers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015): 1-23.<br />
<br />
<strong>Full Text Source: </strong><a href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54431" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54431</a>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-29148358945843036282020-01-14T10:08:00.001-05:002020-01-14T10:08:58.045-05:00New and Noteworthy: Gettysburg: The Living and The Dead as Viewed by a Poet and a Photographer<a href="http://siupress.siu.edu/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/book_covers/9780809337330_0.jpg?itok=eydNy736" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Gettysburg" border="0" height="480" src="http://siupress.siu.edu/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/book_covers/9780809337330_0.jpg?itok=eydNy736" title="Gettysburg" width="426" /></a><i>Gettysburg: The Living and the Dead, </i>Kent Gramm with photography by Chris Heisey, Souhtern Illinois University Press, 225 pp, profusely illustrated, 2019, hardcover, $29.95.<br />
<br />
<b>Reviewed by Matthew A. Borders, (National Park Service, American Battlefield Protection Program; review published by H0Civil War, January 2020.</b><br />
<b> </b><br />
I knew that this work, <em>Gettysburg: The Living and the Dead,</em>
would be a challenge from the beginning. An artistic work, the book
looks at the largest battle ever fought in the Western Hemisphere
through a myriad of lenses, peoples, times, and writings. This is not,
nor does it purport to be, another military history of the Battle of
Gettysburg. That being said, it is set up in a manner that would
familiar to anyone who has read military histories of the battle. <em>Gettysburg</em>
has four distinct chapters, covering the first day of fighting
with twenty separate entries, the second day with thirty-five entries
and the third day with fourteen entries. It ends, as many histories of
the battle do, with a chapter on the aftermath, which contains nineteen individual entries.<br />
<br />
Each entry, be it a poem or short story, is accompanied by an image.
This structure struck me not only as a familiar choice, but also
possibly a deliberate one to help the reader. As most are already
familiar with the three traumatic days of the battle, this structure
seems designed to place the reader into the right mind-set of each day
and its aftermath.<br />
<br />
That may be the reason why I found the first chapter so jarring. Set
up as it is, even with a snippet of the famous 1889 Joshua Lawrence
Chamberlain speech just before the table of contents to set the stage,
the first chapter has little to do with the Battle of Gettysburg as the
opening poems are broad enough to describe almost any conflict. This is
not a bad thing, and in fact can bring the past and present closer
together as it reveals shared passions, fears, and sorrows. As the
chapter continues, however, Gramm also reveals much of himself. There
are numerous references to the Vietnam War in this chapter (entry 8: <em>Blood Trail, </em>entry 9: <em>'Stang,</em> entry 18: <em>Stayin' Alive)</em>
and sprinkled throughout the book. The war is seen as a mistake and or
something to be protested by the author.<br />
Some of his stories go so far
as to use the memory of historical figures from the Battle of Gettysburg as inspiration for these protests. There are
several very well-written short stories in this chapter taken from the
soldier's perspective and even one apparently real letter from a migrant
worker in 1927 who worked in the orchards around Gettysburg.
In all, this is a very scattered chapter that feels lacking in focus.<br />
<br />
Much like the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg itself, which
saw the longest period of fighting, stretching well into the night on
some parts of the field, the second chapter is the longest. It is also
where I feel the book finds its focus. Of the thirty-five entries, again
mostly poems and short stories, the majority focus on the Battle of
Gettysburg or its participants. It is also where we start to see a large
helping of one of the subthemes of <em>Gettysburg</em>, the
supernatural. This had been hinted at since the beginning of the book,
but over a third of the entries of this chapter have to deal with ghosts
or spirits tied to or trapped on the battlefield, for any number of
reasons. Some are trying to communicate with the living to dissuade us
from repeating the follies of history, some are still fighting the
battle, and some are searching for fallen loved ones. This a theme that
is hard to escape in Gettysburg, as the town itself is awash in ghost
tours of dubious quality and historic accuracy.<br />
<br />
The best aspect of <em>Gettysburg: The Living and the Dead</em> is
the bravery of the author to tell his stories and poems through a broad
range of voices. Both Union and Confederate soldiers are portrayed,
sometimes with sympathy towards their enemies, often with the passions
and hatreds of the war on full display. We hear the voices of
women—those caring for the wounded, watching over the dead, pining for
the lost, or educating the current generation. Veterans both old and new
are written about, as are former rangers, battlefield guides, museum
curators, and even a reenactor in one story. I will admit I was
surprised to see the author use an African American dialect in two of
his entries, a bold decision and a commendable effort to include the
whole story of the region. The story that spoke to me the most, however,
and which in today's climate of intolerance struck me deeply, comes
nearly at the end of the work, entry 85: <em>North and South </em>(pp.
207-09). Two fathers, one from Wisconsin and one from North Carolina,
tour the battlefield together, discussing fatherhood, loss, and the war.
Both are products of their regional bias, neither having really dealt
with anyone from the other side of the Mason-Dixon Line. This story ends
with two men having a better understanding of the other and a
promise to memorialize a loss from a much more recent conflict. I
sincerely hope that this story, presented from the perspective
of a writer, is the fulfillment of that promise.<br />
<br />
It would be a mistake to review <em>Gettysburg: The Living And The Dead </em>without
touching on the beautiful photography of Chris Heisey. The images are
as diverse as the stories and poems themselves, and sometimes suffer
from the same out-of-place feeling that some of the writings have. Every
poem or story has at least one image attached to it. Most of these are
dramatic shots of the battlefield landscape or the monuments on it.
Entry 31: <em>War Means Fighting </em>(pp. 79) is one such example of an
oddity, as it has a praying mantis on page 78 to accompany the story.
Surprisingly, almost a quarter of the images are wintry shots of the
battlefield or monuments, and there are numerous autumnal landscape
shots. Considering the sweltering July conditions in which the battle
was fought, the snow-and-ice-covered images are beautiful, if
unexpected.<br />
<br />
While I had some concerns reading this work, I am glad I did. Our
cultural landscapes, even our most studied, such as Gettysburg National
Military Park, have meant and continue to mean different things to
different people. While I may not understand all of the author and the
photographer's perspectives and choices for <em>Gettysburg: The Living and the Dead,</em> it is obvious that they care deeply for this historic landscape, the history that happened here, and its visitors.<br />
<br />
<strong>Citation: </strong>Matthew A. Borders. Review of Gramm, Kent; Heisey, Chris, <em>Gettysburg: The Living and the Dead</em>. H-CivWar, H-Net Reviews. January, 2020. <strong>URL:</strong> <a href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=54316" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=54316</a>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-18770879833197018692020-01-13T09:55:00.001-05:002020-01-13T09:55:17.262-05:00News: The most intact Grand Army of the Republic Post is located in Carnegie, PA<a href="https://triblive.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2162165_web1_sig-CarCar-011620.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="2162165_web1_sig-CarCar-011620" border="0" height="400" src="https://triblive.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2162165_web1_sig-CarCar-011620.jpg" style="display: block; margin-top: auto;" title="2162165_web1_sig-CarCar-011620" width="267" /></a> Carnegie Carnegie Corner: Remembering veterans of long ago<br />
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<a class="byline" href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="color: #727272 !important; cursor: default !important;">Tribune-Review</a>
<span class="hidden-xs"><span class="">|</span> Friday, January 10, 2020 12:01 a.m.</span>
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For Union Civil War veterans, April 1865 started a time of healing
and renewal. We often forget that there were no social safety nets for
these men who so nobly served the call to arms to defend the Union. Not
until 1930 was there a Veterans Administration as we know it today.<br />
Some things never change. Politicians made empty promises to “care
for those who have borne the burden, his widows and orphans.”
Immediately following the end of the war, there was little political
pressure to see that these promises were kept. Consequently, on April 6,
1866, the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) was founded in Decatur,
Ill., by former Union officers to serve as a united voice in holding the
government accountable to make good on those promises.<br />
<br />
By 1900, about 7,000-plus GAR Posts were scattered across the U.S.,
providing a place for veterans to turn to for fellowship, networking
and, if needed, charity. Think of it as today’s American Legion or VFW
Posts for veterans of the Civil War. The GAR founded soldiers’ homes and
were active in relief work and in gaining more liberal federal pension
legislation. Orphan schools were founded in Pennsylvania to care for and
educate the children of veterans.<br />
<br />
The Andrew Carnegie Free Library & Music Hall in Carnegie has
been documented by scholars as probably the most intact GAR Post in the
country. In a 1911 catalogue, veterans from the post wrote “… we leave
for our children and their children, this room full of relics, hoping
they may be as proud of them as we are, and that they may see that they
are protected and cared for all time.” It’s a responsibility to our
veterans that we don’t take lightly. We are honored to tell their
stories, display their artifacts and educate the public on what they
accomplished for our nation.<br />
<br />
The Capt. Thomas Espy GAR Post 153 is open to the public, free of
charge, from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. every Saturday. Private tours can be
arranged by appointment. A lecture is held every second Saturday of the
month. The Jan. 11 talk begins at 1 p.m. and is on the Battle of
Philippi, W.Va., with speaker Jon-Erik Gilot. Light refreshments are
served. For more information or to schedule a tour, call 412-276-3456,
ext. 9.<br />
<br />
<em>Diane Klinefelter is the Andrew Carnegie Free Library & Music Hall Espy Post curator.</em><br />
<br />
Text source: <a href="https://triblive.com/local/carlynton/carnegie-carnegie-corner-remembering-veterans-of-long-ago/" target="_blank">Tribune and Review</a>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-86704139066224885782020-01-03T15:30:00.000-05:002020-01-03T15:30:45.205-05:00New and Noteworthy: The Entrepreneurs Who Save the Union<br />
<a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/71P9pWx6MJL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" class="image-stretch-vertical" height="320" id="igImage" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/71P9pWx6MJL.jpg" style="max-height: 1000px; max-width: 662px;" width="211" /></a><i>Civil War Barons: The Tycoons, Entrepreneurs, Inventors and Visionaries Who Forged Victory and Shaped a Nation, </i>Jeffry D. Wert, DaCapo Press, 228 pp., 16 pages of b/w images, 2018, hardcover $30.00, paperback $24.00. <br />
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<br />
Review Author: Len Riedel, Blue & Gray Education Society<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Civil-War-Barons-Entrepreneurs-Visionaries/dp/0306825120"><em>Civil War Barons</em></a> is
a relatively short and tight book. At 209 pages, it is an easy read in
any circumstance. I have known and respected Jeff Wert for some time. A
former history teacher in Pennsylvania, Jeff long ago earned the respect
of the Civil War community, and his frequent publications since then
always are well researched and written. With more than 10 books and far
more articles on his résumé, you cannot say you are well read on the war
unless you have read some of his works—especially his book about James
Longstreet. So it was with reasonable expectation that I opened the
cover and dove in.<br />
<br />
The literature of the Civil War has produced any number of thematic
derivatives, and so this work by Jeff was a new and, as it unfolded,
intriguing angle about civilian support for the war effort. I have long
maintained that we cover the period before the war and after the war
because people just were not there when the shooting started, and they
didn’t go to a remote island after the war ended. Jeff shows in a
compelling fashion how key people in a variety of innovative ways built
the support infrastructure that made the Union war effort successful.
The names are generally familiar: Vanderbilt, Armour, Borden, Carnegie,
Deere, Squibb, Parrott, Weyerhaeuser, and many others.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.blueandgrayeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Canned_food_factory_1898-e1576687395733-1024x627.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class="wp-image-12271 size-large" height="195" src="https://www.blueandgrayeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Canned_food_factory_1898-e1576687395733-1024x627.jpg" width="320" /></a>Jeff offers mini biographies on his subjects that describe how each
one came from a position of strength or failure to address the challenge
and opportunities presented by the Civil War. The stories of condensed
milk, canned meats, lumber, wagon building, artillery, rapid fire
weapons, farm instruments, and medical advances work together to help
the reader understand how each and every contribution accumulated to
provide the resources needed to win the war.<br />
<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-12271" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_12271" style="width: 1014px;"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-12271"><br /></figcaption></figure>
It seems that in our studies we far too often take for granted these
support elements, and yet the evolution of repeating rifles, the
construction of multiple gunboats in just over 90 days, and the ramping
up of shoes mechanically stitched to meet the needs of the growing army
are miraculous in their adaptive and functional performance. I recall
being a youngster in the 1960s and buying U.S. Savings bond stamps two
and three at a time, and yet here is the story of Jay Cooke who
revolutionized fundraising from the public as a whole by selling bonds.
It is simply amazing to contemplate.<br />
<br />
Not all turn out well, and not every person was a good guy. Some were
simply ruthless and made money far in excess of what they would ever
need or spend in their lives. Many overextended themselves or were
unable to sustain their success after the war. Others extrapolated their
processes and changed to meet the demands of the following Gilded Age.
Some were selfless in the face of national need, and others were
successful rapscallions. What struck me was how these developments
unleashed American capitalism in all of its raw power and lifechanging
potential.<br />
I am a better informed person as a result of this work. It is not
mentally taxing, but, frankly, Jeff’s genius in the selection of his
topic has filled a significant niche that one could live without, but if
you happen upon it you will have an epiphany. I think this book is
worth your time and would give it a solid 3.5 stars, maybe even 4, on a
5-star scale.<br />
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<b>Image Source:</b> A canning food factory (1898) | Wikipedia<br />
<b>Review Source: Len Riedel, <a href="https://www.blueandgrayeducation.org/2019/12/book-review-how-the-civil-wars-barons-helped-win-the-war/" target="_blank">Blue & Gray Education Society</a></b>Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-63476367773599187552019-12-10T09:05:00.001-05:002019-12-10T09:05:16.429-05:00News: Glory, The Film: a Reflection on it 30th Anniversary<h1 class="entry-title">
<a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Image-1.png?resize=404%2C539" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class=" wp-image-3195" data-attachment-id="3195" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Image 1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Image-1.png?fit=600%2C800&ssl=1" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Image-1.png?fit=225%2C300&ssl=1" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Image-1.png?fit=1398%2C1864&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1398,1864" data-permalink="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/image-1-16/" height="400" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Image-1.png?resize=404%2C539" width="300" /></a><i>Poetry Not Yet Written: Revisiting Glory Thirty Years Later</i></h1>
<h1 class="entry-title">
Ella Starkman-Hyne<i>, </i>December 10, 2019 at Muster: The Web Log of the Society of Civil War Historians </h1>
<em>Glory</em> begins as so many Civil War films do: the sun rises on
a vast battlefield, brave Union men march into war, and a ferocious
battle ensues, American and Confederate flags billowing in the
background. Despite its adherence to well-worn tropes, however, <em>Glory</em>
tells a tale that is often obscured – even obliterated – in Civil War
narratives. Edward Zwick’s 1989 classic follows the story of the 54th
Massachusetts Infantry, one of the first African American regiments to
fight for the Union cause. Viewed within the larger canon of Civil War
films, <em>Glory</em> is a triumph. Most of these narratives sidestep the issue of slavery in order to appeal to the widest possible audience; <em>Glory</em>, in contrast, never lets the viewer forget that this truly was a war of emancipation. This laudable achievement aside, though, <em>Glory</em>
has many significant shortcomings. And, as the film celebrates its
thirtieth anniversary this December, it is well worth asking the
question: who gets to tell this story?<br />
Given <em>Glory</em>’s subject matter, the viewer could reasonably
expect the men of the 54th Massachusetts to take center stage. Yet, mere
moments into the film, it becomes clear that <em>Glory</em> is, in many
ways, the story of the regiment’s white colonel, Robert Gould Shaw
(Matthew Broderick). The powerful narration of the film is drawn from
Shaw’s real-life letters home, affording the viewer intimate access to
the colonel’s thoughts, fears, and hopes. Never mind that the men of the
54th also wrote letters home – this fact is never imagined, much less
acknowledged, and the viewer remains wholly unaware of the inner lives
of the black men at the heart of the story. This negligence has
significant consequences in <em>Glory</em>, and no small amount of
unintended irony. At the beginning of the film, Shaw declares with
evident self-satisfaction: “We fight for men and women whose poetry is
not yet written.” In fact, there was a well-established tradition of
African American poetry by this time in American history, a literary
movement that included the voices of both free and enslaved black
people.<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">[1]</a> The poetry of these men and women was indeed being written – Colonel Robert Gould Shaw simply wasn’t reading it.<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">[2]</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Image-2.png?resize=428%2C537" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class=" wp-image-3196" data-attachment-id="3196" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Image 2" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Image-2.png?fit=638%2C800&ssl=1" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Image-2.png?fit=239%2C300&ssl=1" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Image-2.png?fit=656%2C822&ssl=1" data-orig-size="656,822" data-permalink="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/image-2-13/" height="400" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Image-2.png?resize=428%2C537" width="318" /></a>The men of the 54th are immensely compelling characters in their own right, yet <em>Glory</em>’s
depiction of the regiment’s black soldiers never quite reaches the
depth and nuance it reserves for its white protagonist. This lapse is
most painfully evident in the case of Trip (Denzel Washington), a
composite character based on several real-life soldiers who came to the
unit as former slaves. Trip is a quick-tempered and confrontational man,
who refuses to back down in the face of authority. In one of the film’s
most significant moments, he turns down the honor of carrying the
American flag into battle, defiantly telling Colonel Shaw: “I ain’t
fighting this war for you, sir.” As powerful as Trip’s character is
(Washington would win an Academy Award for his portrayal), the viewer’s
insight into his lived experience remains quite limited. The few
conversations touching on his enslavement are filled with tense
silences, and the true contours of his suffering are never fully
explored. This superficial portrayal of Trip’s life – whether a matter
of intention or oversight by <em>Glory’s </em>producers – was a missed
opportunity; even in the 1980s, there was no dearth of literature on
slavery the filmmakers and screenwriters could have used for research.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, Trip’s fury is often tempered – even invalidated – by
his colleagues in the 54th. John Rawlins (Morgan Freeman) takes issue
with Trip’s aggrieved demeanor throughout the film, chastising him for
being “full of hate” merely because he’s “been whipped and chased by
hounds.” In case Trip misses the point, Rawlins declares: “that might
not be living, but it sure as hell ain’t dying. And dying’s been what
these white boys have been doing for going on three years now, dying by
the thousands, dying for you, fool.” This statement is distressing for
two reasons: first, Rawlins denies Trip the right to be angry, asserting
that the horrors he experienced as a slave do not justify his bitter
outlook and, moreover, do not match the ultimate sacrifice made by
“these white boys.” Furthermore, the assertion that white men had been
dying for African Americans throughout the Civil War is deeply flawed,
given that many Union soldiers joined the war effort purely to fight
secession and did not, in fact, support the cause of emancipation; some
even deserted when President Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation.<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">[3]</a><br />
<br />
Over the past thirty years, historians have generally praised <em>Glory</em>
for its historical accuracy, its skillful depiction of the war’s
oft-forgotten heroes, and its refusal to adhere to Lost Cause
ideologies. Shortly after the film’s cinematic release, Pulitzer-Prize
winning Civil War historian James McPherson wrote a review of <em>Glory</em> in <em>The New Republic</em>, citing it as “the most powerful and historically accurate movie about that war ever made.”<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4">[4]</a> McPherson wrote that <em>Glory</em>
would “throw a cold dash of realism over the moonlight-and-magnolias
portrayal of the Confederacy,” and might even restore the heroic image
of black soldiers which prevailed in the North for a brief time during
and after the war, before the Lost Cause became entrenched.<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5">[5]</a><br />
<br />
Nearly two decades later, the historian Gary Gallagher made similar observations about <em>Glory</em> in his book, <em>Causes Won, Lost, & Forgotten:</em> <em>How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War</em>. Gallagher’s analysis focuses primarily on <em>Glory</em>’s
depiction of the Civil War as a battle of emancipation, noting that
Hollywood films since the late 1980s have largely dismissed preservation
of the Union as a central motivator for Northern soldiers. This
artistic license, Gallagher writes, often comes at the cost of
historical accuracy, effectively promoting a “flawed conception of the
North’s Civil War,” given that many white soldiers were ambivalent
toward the cause of emancipation.<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6">[6]</a> This negligence notwithstanding, Gallagher maintains that <em>Glory</em>
had a positive and tangible impact. He notes that even its star, Denzel
Washington, had been unaware that black people fought in the Civil War.
Washington was hardly alone; Gallagher writes that “moviegoers across
the United States left screenings with a similar realization that the
military struggle between 1861 and 1865 had not been a lily-white
affair. In that respect, <em>Glory</em> worked a sea change in popular perceptions about the conflict.”<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7">[7]</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Image-3-e1575917646661.png?resize=496%2C376" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" class=" wp-image-3197" data-attachment-id="3197" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Image 3" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Image-3-e1575917646661.png?fit=640%2C486&ssl=1" data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Image-3-e1575917646661.png?fit=300%2C228&ssl=1" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Image-3-e1575917646661.png?fit=1275%2C968&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1275,968" data-permalink="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/image-3-7/" height="304" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Image-3-e1575917646661.png?resize=496%2C376" width="400" /></a>McPherson and Gallagher have certainly made valuable contributions to the conversation about <em>Glory</em>.
However, their respective analyses overlook a vital aspect of the
film’s legacy: the framing of the 54th’s story though Colonel Shaw’s
perspective. For decades, sociologists and black theorists have explored
the implications of black stories being told by white storytellers,
often referred to as “racial ventriloquism.”<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8">[8]</a> Claire Oberon Garcia, Vershawn Ashanti Young, and Charise Pimentel examine this topic in their book, <em>From Uncle Tom’s Cabin to The Help: Critical Perspectives on White-Authored Narratives of Black Life</em>.
These scholars note that white-authored narratives are frequently “used
to structure perceptions of American race relations, particularly black
racial experiences,” while the work of black writers rarely achieves
such dominance.<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9">[9]</a>
The authors assert that this cultural hegemony persists despite the
continuing efforts of black storytellers. Although black writers,
filmmakers, television producers, and scriptwriters have depicted both
black and white stories through mainstream media, their works seldom
achieve the level of financial success granted to white-authored
narratives, “and thus do not figure greatly in Americans’ understanding
of race in general and black experiences in particular.”<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10">[10]</a>
These white writers – no matter how well-intentioned – are thus
culpable in a “long history of constructing ‘blackness’ to serve
hegemonic concerns,” a tradition which effectively denies black people
the agency to tell their own stories.<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11">[11]</a><br />
<br />
<br />
In cinema, such narratives are often referred to as “white savior
films.” Sociologist Matthew Hughey investigates this phenomenon in his
book, <em>The White Savior Film: Content, Critics, and Consumption</em>.
He writes that these stories are “often guided by a logic that
racializes and separates people into those who are redeemers (whites)
and those who are redeemed or in need of redemption (nonwhites).”<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12">[12]</a>
White savior films can have profound societal consequences. Hughey
cites studies on the lack of interracial communication in many
predominantly white areas in the United States, noting that 86 percent
of suburban whites live in communities where black people make up fewer
than 1 percent of the population.<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13">[13]</a> In this context, he asserts, popular films become a kind of proxy for real-life interracial interactions. <a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14">[14]</a> This framework is certainly at work in <em>Glory</em>.
Although the film depicts the 54th Massachusetts as a regiment of
former slaves, the majority of the soldiers were, in fact, born free in
the North.<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15">[15]</a>
Such a depiction paves the way for a falsified journey from slavery to
freedom, a journey not possible without the fearless leadership of their
white colonel (and white savior), Robert Gould Shaw.<br />
The makers of <em>Glory</em> were certainly telling a story that needs to be told – but it is not their story to tell. Indeed, as <em>Glory</em>
celebrates its thirtieth anniversary this December, it is worth taking a
closer look at whose voices are being heard, both onscreen and behind
the scenes (<em>Glory</em> having been written, directed, and produced
by white men). In accepting the premise that the poetry of black
Americans had “not yet been written,” <em>Glory</em> ensures that whatever poetry it <em>does</em>
present is that of its white hero and savior. Viewers must question
why, in a film specifically about black soldiers, the perspectives of
African Americans are so conspicuously absent. In recent years, many
historians have begun to call for a new Civil War documentary, one in
which Shelby Foote’s romanticized view of the Old South is not the
dominant voice. Perhaps it is also time for a new<em> Glory, </em>a
version devoid of “racial ventriloquism,” in which the men of the
Massachusetts 54th are not only free from slavery, but free to tell
their own stories.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">[1]</a> Erika DeSimone and Fidel Louis, <em>Voices beyond Bondage: an Anthology of Verse by African Americans of the 19th Century</em> (Montgomery: NewSouth Books, 2014).<br />
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">[2]</a>
Katie O’Halloran Brown, “Letters of Black Soldiers from Ohio Who Served
in the 54th and 55th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantries during the
Civil War,” <em>Ohio Valley History</em> 16, no. 3 (2016): 72-79.<br />
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">[3]</a> James M. McPherson, <em>For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War</em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 123.<br />
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4">[4]</a> James M. McPherson, “TNR Film Classic: ‘Glory’ (1990),” <em>The New Republic</em>, January 15, 1990, <a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/91210/tnr-film-classics-glory-january-15-1990">https://newrepublic.com/article/91210/tnr-film-classics-glory-january-15-1990</a>.<br />
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5">[5]</a> Ibid.<br />
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6">[6]</a> Gary W. Gallagher, <em>Causes Won, Lost, and Forgotten: How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War </em>(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 92.<br />
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7">[7]</a> Ibid., 95.<br />
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8">[8]</a> Claire Oberon Garcia, Vershawn Ashanti Young, and Charise Pimentel, <em>From Uncle Tom’s Cabin to the Help: Critical Perspectives on White-Authored Narratives of Black Life </em>(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 1.<br />
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9">[9]</a> Ibid., 1-2.<br />
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10">[10]</a> Ibid., 2.<br />
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11">[11]</a> Ibid., 4.<br />
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12">[12]</a> Matthew W. Hughey, <em>The White Savior Film: Content, Critics, and Consumption</em> (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2014), 2.<br />
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13">[13]</a> Ibid., 15.<br />
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14">[14]</a> Ibid.<br />
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/2019/12/poetry-not-yet-written-revisiting-glory-thirty-years-later/#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15">[15]</a> Joseph T. Glatthaar, “‘Glory,’ the 54th Massachusetts Infantry, and Black Soldiers in the Civil War,” <em>The History Teacher</em> 24, no. 4 (1991): 475-85, 478.<br />
<br />
Images: Denzel Washington in <em>Glory</em>. Courtesy of Tristar Pictures.; Matthew Broderick, who portrayed Robert Gould Shaw in <em>Glory</em>. Courtesy of Tristar Pictures; Promotional poster for <em>Glory</em>. Courtesy of Tristar Pictures.<br />
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<h3>
<a href="https://www.journalofthecivilwarera.org/author/ella-starkman-hynes/" title="Ella Starkman-Hynes">Ella Starkman-Hynes</a></h3>
Ella
Starkman-Hynes is an independent author and graduate of McGill
University. She is currently applying to graduate school for U.S.
history and intends to specialize in Civil War memory. Her research
focuses primarily on the depiction of the Civil War in popular culture,
and she is currently working on a project examining northern memory of
the war through twentieth-century literature. <br />
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Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19845528.post-42252670730945139692019-11-25T09:20:00.000-05:002019-11-25T09:20:21.187-05:00New and Notable: The Leadership Team of Lee and Jackson<div class="" style="white-space: pre-wrap;">
<b>The reviewer is </b><em><b>Dr. Kathleen Logothetis Thompson </b>who earned her PhD in Nineteenth Century/Civil War America from West Virginia University, and also holds a M.A. from WVU and a B.A. from Siena College. Her research is on mental trauma and coping among Union soldiers and she is currently working on her first book, tentatively titled War on the Mind. She currently teaches history at several colleges and universities and leads tours of Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater. Kathleen was a seasonal interpreter at Fredericksburg & Spotsylvania National Military Park for several years and is the co-editor of Civil Discourse.</em></div>
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<a href="https://prodimage.images-bn.com/pimages/9781643131344_p0_v2_s550x406.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="The Great Partnership: Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and the Fate of the Confederacy" border="0" data-bottom-align="" id="pdpMainImage" src="https://prodimage.images-bn.com/pimages/9781643131344_p0_v2_s550x406.jpg" tabindex="-1" /></a>The strength of this book is a well-researched and well-written narrative that seamlessly combines military strategy and human lives together in a way that is compelling for both historians and general readers. The writing is not heavy or full of military jargon that might leave a reader bogged down, which makes the book enjoyable to read. The themes of command, strategy, and leadership come across strongly throughout the book and typically Keller is careful with his post-war sources to expose biases and Lost Cause rhetoric. This book would be perfect for a reader who is looking for a scholarly approach to the Lee-Jackson partnership, one who is trying to analyze Confederate leadership and military strategy, or even one who is looking for a good read about Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee. </div>
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A critique of the book is that while Keller looks at Lee and Jackson through the particular lens of command and leadership, he does not make a radically new argument about these two men. Much of this history has been researched and written about before, and Keller is just highlighting certain aspects to analyze why this partnership grew so strong and how it affected military strategy in 1862 and 1863. For those who are well versed in the history of these campaigns and in the careers of these two men, much of this information will be familiar. I think the most compelling part of the analysis was the chapter in which Keller pulls away the Lost Cause rhetoric to show that Southerners at the time reacted in those ways to Jackson’s death. </div>
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He also delves into the “what if” question that historians usually avoid. He does a pretty good job navigating that fine line in his chapter about Gettysburg, but chooses to close his book with an imagined vignette of “what <em>did not</em> happen,” where a one-armed Jackson rides with Lee and crosses the Mason-Dixon line on their way towards Harrisburg, PA (247-248). While it is a more compelling narrative, it would have been stronger to end on a more scholarly note instead of playing into fantasies that are usually held by Lost Causers. </div>
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<b>The entire review is located at</b> <a href="http://www.civildiscourse-historyblog.com/blog/2019/11/25/review-the-great-partnership-robert-e-lee-stonewall-jackson-and-the-fate-of-the-confederacy-by-christian-keller" target="_blank"> A Civil Discourse. </a></div>
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Rea Andrew Reddhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13920204153646557595noreply@blogger.com0